Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
space bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin ios
bitcoin development
ethereum перспективы bitcoin shops bitcoin changer ios bitcoin робот bitcoin mainer bitcoin bitcoin trojan bitcointalk monero ethereum телеграмм bitcoin перевод bitcoin all bitcoin список ethereum mist кран ethereum bitcoin теханализ bitcoin protocol lealana bitcoin фьючерсы bitcoin фарминг bitcoin bitcoin теханализ ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin logo x bitcoin etoro bitcoin
ethereum address lealana bitcoin home bitcoin script bitcoin difficulty bitcoin ethereum сбербанк bitcoin keys
bitcoin pattern bitcoin trend история ethereum
keepkey bitcoin ethereum programming калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin stellar bitcoin перевод bitcoin cudaminer регистрация bitcoin bitcoin airbitclub сеть bitcoin bitcoin sec bitcoin машины ротатор bitcoin bitcoin 4 trade cryptocurrency bubble bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin chart maining bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн ethereum supernova bitcointalk ethereum
difficulty ethereum sberbank bitcoin bitcoin froggy ethereum serpent cryptocurrency calculator сети bitcoin
electrodynamic tether tether download робот bitcoin ethereum pos bitcoin gold bitcoin ico bitcoin converter buy ethereum The bitcoin method of routinely using escrow has benefits over competitors like credit cards. The security of credit cards is not very good which results in higher costs overall and the possibility of payments being reversed for months afterwards. By contrast when bitcoins have been released to the seller from escrow, they cannot be reversed as the coins are truly in the seller's possession. The requirement to use real-life names for credit cards and PayPal also excludes unbanked people and those from countries with less developed financial infrastructure. There are also downsides like bitcoin is not yet as widely accepted as credit cards and is not a front for providing lines of credit.Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash Systembitcoin начало ethereum купить pump bitcoin bitcoin monkey paidbooks bitcoin addnode bitcoin bitcoin фарм bitcoin network ethereum обменять ethereum ротаторы bitcoin ru monero новости шифрование bitcoin ethereum pow shot bitcoin ethereum online краны monero ethereum логотип хабрахабр bitcoin space bitcoin обменник bitcoin bus bitcoin андроид bitcoin clockworkmod tether tether limited bitcoin habr bitcoin click кошельки ethereum monero windows galaxy bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin рублях ethereum кошелька bitcoin japan
ico cryptocurrency bitcoin balance monero майнить Information held on a blockchain exists as a shared — and continually reconciled — database. This is a way of using the network that has obvious benefits. The blockchain database isn’t stored in any single location, meaning the records it keeps are truly public and easily verifiable. No centralized version of this information exists for a hacker to corrupt. Hosted by millions of computers simultaneously, its data is accessible to anyone on the internet.ethereum биткоин rush bitcoin change bitcoin polkadot cadaver is bitcoin monero coin bitcoin review bitcoin metal партнерка bitcoin token ethereum ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin прогноз 99 bitcoin bitcoin save ethereum news перевод ethereum bitcoin анимация bitcoin команды bitcoin запрет bitcoin ваучер ethereum проблемы клиент ethereum stats ethereum bitcoin x2 bitcoin goldman lamborghini bitcoin пулы ethereum
cran bitcoin hub bitcoin status bitcoin Bitcoin's public ledger (the 'block chain') was started on January 3rd, 2009 at 18:15 UTC presumably by Satoshi Nakamoto. The first block is known as the genesis block. The first transaction recorded in the first block was a single transaction paying the reward of 50 new bitcoins to its creator.monero новости capitalization cryptocurrency bitcoin лотереи bitcoin php ethereum кошелька trade cryptocurrency
bitcoin скрипт data bitcoin
planet bitcoin aml bitcoin
swarm ethereum bitcoin make сколько bitcoin системе bitcoin bitcoin комбайн · There will never be more than 21 million in existence, and they are released over time at a declining rate (at the time of writing, about 8.5 million Bitcoins exist).So, now that you know what a blockchain is, let’s go into some blockchain applications. First off, let’s have a look at how blockchain works in supply chain management.bitcoin 3 Profitability Before and After ASICThe Ledger Nano S is the first generation hardware wallet introduced by Ledger. One of the first hardware wallets ever made, it followed shortly after the first generation of the Trezor. Like its successor, the Nano S is compatible with thousands of cryptocurrencies. The Nano S does not come with a USB type-C cable, so users with more modern smartphones may have trouble connecting to their devices.символ bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin icons bitcoin теханализ bitcoin кошелька okpay bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin 4000 протокол bitcoin
chvrches tether torrent bitcoin hacking bitcoin bitcoin покупка bitcoin 3 weather bitcoin bitcoin alliance bitcoin капча monero майнинг ethereum btc
bitcoin block
100 bitcoin dance bitcoin
neo bitcoin фото bitcoin nova bitcoin bitcoin server hit bitcoin
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin artikel monero ico
minergate bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum up bitcoin
pos bitcoin bitcoin global bitcoin tube simple bitcoin краны monero reward bitcoin mastering bitcoin эфир bitcoin 100 bitcoin
monero ann best bitcoin ethereum кошелька bitcoin история график bitcoin
change bitcoin laundering bitcoin casinos bitcoin стоимость ethereum solo bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin people converter bitcoin bitcoin weekly криптовалюту monero
1080 ethereum сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin unlimited bitcoin играть bitcoin phoenix ethereum miner bitcoin greenaddress платформа bitcoin
bitcoin мерчант moto bitcoin ethereum io шифрование bitcoin bitcoin stock bitcoin paypal сборщик bitcoin bitcoin microsoft bitcoin fpga расшифровка bitcoin
store bitcoin bitcoin rt mercado bitcoin bitcoin investment ethereum бесплатно cryptocurrency price bitcoin onecoin bitcoin bonus monero miner киа bitcoin ethereum wallet bitcoin mercado loan bitcoin bitcoin github bitcoin apple wiki ethereum forex bitcoin bitcoin group сервер bitcoin торговать bitcoin monero *****uminer использование bitcoin pirates bitcoin bitcoin desk get bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin ethereum это bitcoin earning
ethereum сайт community bitcoin bitcoin генераторы майнинг bitcoin ad bitcoin ethereum debian шрифт bitcoin bitcoin daily mixer bitcoin apk tether daily bitcoin bitcoin сложность auto bitcoin bitcoin visa bitcoin hesaplama
bitcoin пополнить bitcoin капитализация
hashrate bitcoin bitcoin выиграть electrodynamic tether cryptocurrency tech simple bitcoin ethereum алгоритм tether отзывы foto bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin
валюта tether
биржа ethereum ethereum курс ethereum tokens bitcoin play bitcoin rotator bitcoin презентация
bitcoin вложить bitcoin 10 utxo bitcoin bitcoin hacker bitcoin java уязвимости bitcoin bitcoin майнинга analysis bitcoin bitcoin мавроди project ethereum
bitcoin программа bitcoin clouding segwit2x bitcoin форумы bitcoin
truffle ethereum ethereum акции hack bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение nicehash bitcoin
bitcoin count youtube bitcoin bitcoin блог blocks bitcoin bitcoin завести monero cryptonote bitcoin department tether app While every bitcoin records the digital address of every wallet it touches, the bitcoin system does not record the names of the people who own wallets. In practical terms, this means that every bitcoin transaction is digitally confirmed but is completely anonymous at the same time.the ethereum ethereum forum masternode bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin tor bitcoin change сколько bitcoin minergate ethereum bitcoin purse крах bitcoin auto bitcoin bitcoin conveyor bitcoin com usb bitcoin
flappy bitcoin краны monero my ethereum bitcoin habr bitcoin обмен bitcoin автосборщик
bitcoin com ru bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin bitcoin кошелька ethereum raiden
bitcoin lurk laundering bitcoin bitcoin primedice copay bitcoin bitcoin free microsoft bitcoin bitcoin top loco bitcoin wirex bitcoin ethereum конвертер краны bitcoin bitcoin проверка bitcoin cache bitcoin oil bitcoin swiss decred ethereum bitcoin information bitcoin nodes bitcoin js project ethereum сборщик bitcoin
bitcoin 10 carding bitcoin bitcoin rotator monero fr bitcoin информация
cryptocurrency magazine bitcoin видеокарты 20 bitcoin курс monero segwit2x bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin monero график вывод monero bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin change
bitcoin land
bitcoin gpu abi ethereum delphi bitcoin segwit bitcoin bitcoin cnbc ethereum капитализация bitcoin info monero стоимость
monero js
зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin гарант
unconfirmed monero bitcoin ebay ethereum explorer биржа ethereum
ethereum хешрейт
bitcoin school bitcoin валюты bitcoin акции bitcoin calculator network bitcoin monero price
bitcoin maps
bitcoin click By allowing digital information to be distributed but not copied, blockchain technology created the backbone of a new type of internet. Originally devised for the digital currency, Bitcoin blockchain, (Buy Bitcoin) the tech community has now found other potential uses for the technology.Because users are able to send and receive bitcoins with only a smartphone or computer, bitcoin is theoretically available to populations of users without access to traditional banking systems, credit cards and other methods of payment.Bitcoin vs. Credit Card Transactions: What's the Difference?новый bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin Although the benefit might not be obvious, consider what this capability offers third-party services. A professionally-run organization stands a far better chance of getting security right than the casual user. However, single-signature addresses force these organizations to maintain private keys on behalf of the user. Users are left with little recourse in the event of fraud, theft, or closure.Ethereum tokenskorbit bitcoin bitcoin миллионер обозначение bitcoin вложить bitcoin iso bitcoin обмена bitcoin bitcoin status bitcoin lurkmore earnings bitcoin bitcoin обвал bitcoin расшифровка ethereum io coinder bitcoin bitcoin кликер рост bitcoin
разделение ethereum 5 bitcoin
loans bitcoin токен bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin гарант брокеры bitcoin zcash bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте tp tether миксер bitcoin After Buterin unveiled the ethereum white paper, other developers joined ranks.bitcoin price
